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Table 2 Experimental data collected at the first and last minute of each walking trial

From: Walking with a powered ankle-foot orthosis: the effects of actuation timing and stiffness level on healthy users

Trial Min. Net met. cost RMS SOL Ankle HS Ankle swing Hip Hip Stance perc Stride length Stride length
   [W/kg] stance LEFT ΔROM LEFT ΔROM LEFT ΔROM LEFT ΔROM RIGHT LEFT [%] LEFT [m] RIGHT [m]
    [%MVIC] [deg] [deg] [deg] [deg]    
NW 1 2.63 ±0.29 0.42 ±0.15 -0.03 ±0.13 -0.57 ±1.18 -0.83 ±0.50 -0.60 ±1.10 64.94 ±1.29 1.08 ±0.11 1.08 ±0.11
  10 2.73 ±0.28 0.40 ±0.15 0.13 ±0.39 -0.18 ±0.61 0.14 ±1.28 0.08 ±1.13 64.46 ±1.06 1.10 ±0.12 1.10 ±0.12
ZT 1 2.90 ±0.45 0.43 ±0.17 -0.33 ±1.37 -2.45 ±1.46 2.26 ±2.69 0.37 ±1.95 62.83 ±1.88 1.11 ±0.13 1.11 ±0.13
  10 3.13 ±0.31 0.39 ±0.11 -1.05 ±1.77 -2.85 ±1.47 0.97 ±1.98 0.02 ±1.58 62.89 ±1.20 1.10 ±0.14 1.10 ±0.14
ON10 1 2.98 ±0.27 0.28 ±0.09 2.12 ±1.73 4.07 ±4.89 4.54 ±2.91 1.16 ±1.67 62.96 ±1.48 1.15 ±0.10 1.15 ±0.10
  10 3.05 ±0.21 0.27 ±0.06 1.83 ±1.49 1.63 ±3.79 5.26 ±2.53 1.73 ±1.67 62.51 ±1.15 1.16 ±0.11 1.16 ±0.11
ON20 1 2.96 ±0.23 0.30 ±0.12 2.24 ±1.86 2.57 ±3.66 4.31 ±1.67 1.37 ±1.87 62.79 ±2.24 1.15 ±0.10 1.15 ±0.10
  10 3.01 ±0.22 0.28 ±0.10 1.65 ±2.05 1.48 ±3.85 5.42 ±2.10 1.73 ±2.08 62.66 ±1.46 1.15 ±0.11 1.15 ±0.11
ON36 1 2.89 ±0.24 0.31 ±0.13 1.99 ±1.86 2.79 ±3.05 3.78 ±2.36 1.70 ±1.93 63.22 ±1.34 1.14 ±0.10 1.14 ±0.10
  10 2.96 ±0.24 0.29 ±0.11 1.69 ±1.43 0.93 ±3.20 4.91 ±3.21 2.29 ±2.26 62.98 ±1.35 1.15 ±0.10 1.15 ±0.11
PR20 1 3.00 ±0.33 0.30 ±0.08 1.25 ±1.00 2.05 ±2.41 2.34 ±3.25 0.60 ±1.88 62.96 ±1.19 1.10 ±0.11 1.10 ±0.11
  10 2.93 ±0.23 0.27 ±0.06 1.53 ±1.05 1.41 ±2.55 4.51 ±2.71 2.58 ±2.58 63.14 ±1.28 1.15 ±0.13 1.15 ±0.12
PR40 1 2.93 ±0.32 0.28 ±0.07 1.02 ±1.09 1.64 ±2.96 3.63 ±2.55 1.66 ±1.68 62.77 ±1.36 1.12 ±0.11 1.12 ±0.11
  10 2.98 ±0.26 0.28 ±0.07 1.06 ±0.89 1.86 ±3.36 4.14 ±3.00 2.06 ±2.95 62.96 ±0.88 1.14 ±0.11 1.14 ±0.11
PR60 1 2.91 ±0.27 0.33 ±0.16 1.90 ±1.66 1.97 ±3.70 2.89 ±2.78 1.44 ±2.45 62.43 ±1.34 1.14 ±0.10 1.13 ±0.10
  10 3.04 ±0.36 0.29 ±0.09 1.86 ±1.58 0.32 ±3.83 4.18 ±2.96 2.04 ±2.98 62.40 ±0.99 1.15 ±0.10 1.15 ±0.10
  1. Data are given as mean ±standard deviation. The RMS of the left SOL is normalized such that 1 corresponds to the maximum activation recorded during the MVIC exercises. The ankle HS and swing ΔROM and the hip ΔROM are calculated by subtracting the ROM measured during the normal walking trial at minute 2 from the ROM measured during the considered walking trial at minute 1 or 10, respectively.